(Created page with "'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islamic] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology so...") Tag: rollback |
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| + | [[File:asslam.png|250px]][[File:asslamx.png|250px]][[File:asslamxx.png|250px]]<br />Woah💦 Woah💦 Woah💦 Hold on💦 Stick em UP🙆🙆🙆🙆 THAT'S RIGHT🔫 THIS IS A ROBBERY🔫 Hand over the CUMMIES🔫💦💦 and no DADDY😫👨😨 gets hurt 📨Send this to your naughtiest👄 little 👄partners in crime 😏🔫😏🔫 and you'll get 💰💰💰SACKS💰💰💰 OF CUMMIES🍆💦💦💦 Get 5🔳 back, you're a 💓squishy💓 little rebel without a cause💋💋💋💋💋 Get 10🔳 back, you're a 😎😎😎career cummie💦 criminal 🙆🔫🔫 bustin all the daddies👨🌽🍆 banks💰💴 Get 15🔳 back, you're a little 😼😼FAT CAT😻😻 with mad stacks💰💦 of CUMMIES💰💦 Get 20🔳 back, you're the 👑👑CUMMIE 💦💦💦 QUEEN👑👑 |
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| − | '''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islamic] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology sociology]'''<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;"> is a </span>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_disciplines discipline]<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;"> of </span>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_studies Islamic studies]<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;"> and the </span>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences social sciences]<span style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">.</span> |
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| − | ==Early Islamic sociology== |
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| − | {{Main|Early Islamic sociology}} |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">Sociologist [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bellah Robert Bellah] (''Beyond belief'') argues that Islam in its seventh-century origins was, for its time and place, "remarkably modern...in the high degree of commitment, involvement, and participation expected from the rank-and-file members of the community." This because, he argues, that Islam emphasized on the equality of all Muslims. Leadership positions were open to all. However, there were restraints on the early [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah Muslim community] that kept it from exemplifying these principles, primarily from the "stagnant localisms" of tribe and kinship. Dale Eickelman writes that Bellah suggests "the early Islamic community placed a particular value on individuals, as opposed to collective or group responsibility."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe_pp._66-76_0-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe_pp._66-76-0 [1]]</sup></p> |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">The Islamic idea of community (that of ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummah ummah]''),delivered as a message by Muhammad, is flexible in social, religious, and political terms and includes a diversity of Muslims who share a general sense of common cause and consensus concerning beliefs and individual and communal actions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Qur.27an_pp._385_1-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Qur.27an_pp._385-1 [2]]</sup></p> |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">Without doubt the most important figure in early Muslim sociology was [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun Ibn Khaldun] (1332–1406), who is regarded as the father of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demography demography],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mowlana_2-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Mowlana-2 [3]]</sup> [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history cultural history],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mohamad_Abdalla_2007_p._61-70_3-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Mohamad_Abdalla_2007_p._61-70-3 [4]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-4 [5]]</sup> [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography historiography],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-5 [6]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gates_6-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Gates-6 [7]]</sup> the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history philosophy of history],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akhtar_7-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Akhtar-7 [8]]</sup> [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology sociology],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mowlana_2-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Mowlana-2 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gates_6-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Gates-6 [7]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akhtar_7-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Akhtar-7 [8]]</sup> and the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences social sciences],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akbar_Ahmed_2002_p._25_8-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Akbar_Ahmed_2002_p._25-8 [9]]</sup> and is viewed as a father of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics economics].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M._Oweiss_1988_9-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-M._Oweiss_1988-9 [10]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jean_David_C_1971_10-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Jean_David_C_1971-10 [11]]</sup> He is best known for his ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah Muqaddimah]'' "''Prolegomenon''".</p> |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sati%27_al-Husri Sati' al-Husri] suggested that Ibn Khaldun's ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah Muqaddimah]'' is essentially a sociological work, sketching over its six books a general [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology sociology]; a [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sociology sociology of politics]; a sociology of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_culture urban life]; a sociology of[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics economics]; and a [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge sociology of knowledge].</p> |
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| − | ==Other social sciences== |
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| − | {{Main|Early Islamic sociology#Anthropology|l1=Early Islamic sociology: Anthropology}} |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al-Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%AB Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī] (973-1048) has been described as "the first [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology anthropologist]".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ahmed_11-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Ahmed-11 [12]]</sup> He wrote detailed comparative studies on the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology anthropology] of peoples, religions and cultures in the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East Middle East],[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin Mediterranean] and [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia South Asia]. Biruni's anthropology of religion was only possible for a scholar deeply immersed in the lore of other nations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-12 [13]]</sup> Biruni has also been praised by several scholars for his [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam Islamic]anthropology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-13 [14]]</sup> Biruni is also regarded as the father of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indology Indology].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-14 [15]]</sup></p> |
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| − | ===Economics=== |
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| − | {{Main|Islamic economics in the world}} |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">To some degree, the early Muslims based their [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics economic] analyses on the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an Qur'an] (such as opposition to ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba riba]'', meaning [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury usury] or [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest interest]), and from [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah sunnah], the sayings and doings of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad Muhammad].</p> |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">Perhaps the most well known Islamic scholar who wrote about economics was [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun Ibn Khaldun] of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia Tunisia] ([http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1332 1332]–[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1406 1406]),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-15 [16]]</sup> who is considered a father of modern economics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-M._Oweiss_1988_9-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-M._Oweiss_1988-9 [10]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jean_David_C_1971_10-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Jean_David_C_1971-10 [11]]</sup> Ibn Khaldun wrote on economic and political theory in the introduction, or ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah Muqaddimah]'' (''Prolegomena''), of his ''History of the World'' (''Kitab al-Ibar''). In the book, he discussed what he called ''asabiyya'' (social cohesion), which he sourced as the cause of some civilizations becoming great and others not. Ibn Khaldun felt that many social forces are cyclic, although there can be sudden sharp turns that break the pattern.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-16 [17]]</sup> His idea about the benefits of the division of labor also relate to ''asabiyya'', the greater the social cohesion, the more complex the successful division may be, the greater the economic growth. He noted that growth and development positively stimulates both supply and demand, and that the forces of supply and demand are what determines the prices of goods.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-17 [18]]</sup> He also noted macroeconomic forces of population growth,[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_capital human capital] development, and technological developments effects on development.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-18 [19]]</sup> In fact, Ibn Khaldun thought that population growth was directly a function of wealth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-19 [20]]</sup></p> |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">Other important early Muslim scholars who wrote about economics include [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%E2%80%98man Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man] (699-767), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Yusuf Abu Yusuf] (731-798), Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi al-Farabi] (873–950), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Mo%27ali_Abol-hasan_Ghaboos_ibn_Wushmgir Qabus] (d. 1012), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna Ibn Sina] (Avicenna) (980–1037), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Miskawayh Ibn Miskawayh] (b. 1030), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali al-Ghazali] (1058–1111), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawardi al-Mawardi] (1075–1158), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nas%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-T%C5%ABs%C4%AB Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī] (1201–1274), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah Ibn Taymiyyah] (1263–1328) and [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Maqrizi al-Maqrizi](1364–1442).</p> |
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| − | ===Historiography=== |
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| − | {{Main|Historiography of early Islam|Early Islamic sociology}} |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">The first detailed studies on the subject of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography historiography] itself and the first critiques on [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_method historical methods] appeared in the works of the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab Arab] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim Muslim] historian and historiographer [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun Ibn Khaldun] (1332–1406), who is regarded as the father of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography historiography], [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_history cultural history],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mohamad_Abdalla_2007_p._61-70_3-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Mohamad_Abdalla_2007_p._61-70-3 [4]]</sup> and the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history philosophy of history], especially for his historiographical writings in the ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah Muqaddimah]'' ([http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin Latinized] as ''Prolegomena'') and ''Kitab al-Ibar''(''Book of Advice'').<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-20 [21]]</sup> His ''Muqaddimah'' also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state state], [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication communication], [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda propaganda] and [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic_bias systematic bias] in history,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mowlana_2-2">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Mowlana-2 [3]]</sup> and he discussed the rise and fall of[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilization civilizations].</p> |
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| − | ===Social psychology=== |
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| − | {{Main|Psychology in medieval Islam}} |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">The earliest works on "the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organization social organization] of ants" and "[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_communication animal communication] and [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychology psychology]" were written by [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz al-Jahiz] (766–868), an [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Arab Afro-Arab] scholar who wrote many works on these subjects.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Amber-376_21-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Amber-376-21 [22]]</sup></p> |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi Al-Farabi]'s ''Social Psychology'' and ''Model City'' were the earliest treatises to deal with [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology social psychology]. He stated that "an isolated individual could not achieve all the perfections by himself, without the aid of other individuals." He wrote that it is the "innate disposition of every man to join another human being or other men in the labor he ought to perform." He concluded that in order to "achieve what he can of that perfection, every man needs to stay in the neighborhood of others and associate with them."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Amber-363_22-0">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Amber-363-22 [23]]</sup></p> |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun Ibn Khaldun] (1332–1406), considered a father of [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Muslim_sociology sociology]<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Mowlana_2-3">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Mowlana-2 [3]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akhtar_7-2">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Akhtar-7 [8]]</sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-23 [24]]</sup> and the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences social sciences],<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Akbar_Ahmed_2002_p._25_8-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Akbar_Ahmed_2002_p._25-8 [9]]</sup> was another Muslim scholar who significant contributions to the area of social psychology. His book''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah Muqaddimah]'' (known as ''Prolegomena'' in the West) was a classic on the social psychology of the peoples of the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula Arabian Peninsula], particularly the [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin Bedouins].<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-24 [25]]</sup></p> |
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| − | ==Modern views== |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">Dale Eickelman, Professor of Anthropology and Human Relations, writes in [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an Encyclopedia of the Qur'an] that:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe_pp._66-76_0-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe_pp._66-76-0 [1]]</sup></p> |
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| − | Writing in 1960s, sociologist [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bellah Robert Bellah] (''Beyond belief'') argued that Islam in its seventh-century origins was, for its time and place, "remarkably modern...in the high degree of commitment, involvement, and participation expected from the rank-and-file members of the community." Its leadership positions were open, and divine revelation emphasized equality among believers. Bellah argues that the restraints that kept the early Muslim community from "wholly exemplifying" these modern principles underscore the modernity of the basic message of the Qur'an, which exhorted its initial audience in seventh-century Arabia to break through the "stagnant localisms" of tribe and kinship. In making such statements, Bellah suggests that the early Islamic community placed a particular value on individuals, as opposed to collective or group responsibility (q.v.), so that efforts by contemporary Muslims to depict the early Islamic community as an egalitarian and participant one are not unwarranted. |
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| − | <p style="color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:TimesNewRoman;font-size:medium;line-height:normal;">Frederick M. Denny, Professor of Islamic Studies and the History of Religions, concludes his article on ''Community and Society in the Qur'an'' (cf. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Qur%27an Encyclopedia of the Qur'an]) by the following remark about the idea of Muslim community (''umma''), developed by the Qur'an:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Qur.27an_pp._385_1-1">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_note-Qur.27an_pp._385-1 [2]]</sup></p> |
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| − | Surely the most enduring and influential qur'anic idea of community is that of ''umma'' and so flexible is it in specific social, religious, and political terms that it can be embraced across a wide range of concerns by Muslims without their losing a general sense of common cause and consensus concerning the big question of belief and the proper conduct of life both individually and communally. Indeed, the ''umma'' idea has enabled Muslims to endure serious setbacks as in the times of western colonialism when political power was at a lower point in many Muslim regions. What is more, the ''umma'' ideal does not require a unified political order among Muslims in order to be realized and activated... Whenever one looks in the spreading Muslim populations of today..., the Qur'anic formulations and models of social and communal life of Muslims predominate and provide an ever fresh and innovative approach to defining what is meant to be Muslim and how to live in a pluralistic world alongside other communities and societies, whether religious or secular in nature. |
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| − | ==References== |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe_pp._66-76_0-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe_pp._66-76_0-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] “Social Sciences and the Qur’an,” in Encyclopedia of the Qur’an, vol. 5, ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Leiden: Brill, pp. 66-76. |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Qur.27an_pp._385_1-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Qur.27an_pp._385_1-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] “Community and Society in the Qur'an,” in Encyclopedia of the Qur’an, vol. 1, ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Leiden: Brill, pp. 385. |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Mowlana_2-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Mowlana_2-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Mowlana_2-2 <sup>'''''c'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Mowlana_2-3 <sup>'''''d'''''</sup>] H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''. |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Mohamad_Abdalla_2007_p._61-70_3-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Mohamad_Abdalla_2007_p._61-70_3-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] Mohamad Abdalla (Summer 2007). "Ibn Khaldun on the Fate of Islamic Science after the 11th Century", ''Islam & Science'' '''5''' (1), p. 61-70. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-4 ^]''' Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627 "The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture"], ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas Journal of the History of Ideas]'' ([http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press University of Pennsylvania Press]) '''28''' (3): 415–422 [416],[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627], retrieved 2010-03-25 |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-5 ^]''' Salahuddin Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850653569 ISBN 1850653569]. |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Gates_6-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Gates_6-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967), [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627 "The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture"], ''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas Journal of the History of Ideas]'' ([http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press University of Pennsylvania Press]) '''28''' (3): 415–422 [415], [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2708627], retrieved 2010-03-25 |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Akhtar_7-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Akhtar_7-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Akhtar_7-2 <sup>'''''c'''''</sup>] Dr. S. W. Akhtar (1997). "The Islamic Concept of Knowledge", ''Al-Tawhid: A Quarterly Journal of Islamic Thought & Culture'' '''12''' (3). |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Akbar_Ahmed_2002_p._25_8-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Akbar_Ahmed_2002_p._25_8-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] Akbar Ahmed (2002). "Ibn Khaldun’s Understanding of Civilizations and the Dilemmas of Islam and the West Today", ''Middle East Journal'' '''56''' (1), p. 25. |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-M._Oweiss_1988_9-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-M._Oweiss_1988_9-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] I. M. Oweiss (1988), "Ibn Khaldun, the Father of Economics", ''Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses'', [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University_Press New York University Press], [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887066984 ISBN 0887066984]. |
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| − | #^ [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Jean_David_C_1971_10-0 <sup>'''''a'''''</sup>] [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Jean_David_C_1971_10-1 <sup>'''''b'''''</sup>] Jean David C. Boulakia (1971), "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth-Century Economist", ''The Journal of Political Economy'' '''79''' (5): 1105-1118. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Ahmed_11-0 ^]''' Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-12 ^]''' J. T. Walbridge (1998). "Explaining Away the Greek Gods in Islam", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' '''59''' (3), p. 389-403. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-13 ^]''' Richard Tapper (1995). "Islamic Anthropology" and the "Anthropology of Islam", ''Anthropological Quarterly'' '''68''' (3), Anthropological Analysis and Islamic Texts, p. 185-193. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-14 ^]''' Zafarul-Islam Khan, [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://milligazette.com/Archives/15-1-2000/Art5.htm At The Threshhold Of A New Millennium – II], ''The Milli Gazette''. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-15 ^]''' Schumpeter (1954) p 136 mentions his sociology, others, including Hosseini (2003) emphasize him as well |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-16 ^]''' Weiss (1995) p29-30 |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-17 ^]''' Weiss (1995) p31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:276-278 |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-18 ^]''' Weiss (1995) p31 quotes Muqaddimah 2:272-273 |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-19 ^]''' Weiss (1995) p33 |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-20 ^]''' S. Ahmed (1999). ''A Dictionary of Muslim Names''. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. [http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850653569 ISBN 1850653569]. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Amber-376_21-0 ^]''' Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", ''Journal of Religion and Health'' '''43'''(4): 357-377 [376]. |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-Amber-363_22-0 ^]''' ([http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#CITEREFHaque2004 Haque 2004], p. 363) |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-23 ^]''' ([http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#CITEREFHaque2004 Haque 2004], p. 375) |
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| − | #'''[http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#cite_ref-24 ^]''' ([http://web.archive.org/web/20100530022118/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sociology#CITEREFHaque2004 Haque 2004], p. 376) |
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| − | {{Islamic studies}} |
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Revision as of 14:20, 10 December 2016
File:Asslam.pngFile:Asslamx.pngFile:Asslamxx.png
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